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Effect of casein non-phosphopeptides on the development of rat muscle analyzed using computed tomography (CT) scanning technology
About 2% of the population at the age of 50 suffer from sarcopenia, and the proportion is more than 50% after the age of 80. Sarcopenia may lead to physical weakness and reduced balance and mobility, which in turn have possible metabolic effects such as diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, and heart diseases. The leucine-rich whey protein α-lactalbumin has been found to counteract the muscle loss caused by sarcopenia. Casein non-phosphopeptide (CNPP) is a byproduct from casein phosphopeptide production, and is rich in leucine. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CNPP on the muscle development of healthy rats.
Ten thirty-two weeks old male rats were fed one of the four dosage levels of CNPP or α-lactalbumin (high dose, 10 g/kg/d; moderate dose, 5 g/kg/d; low dose, 2.5 g/kg/d; and blank, 0 g/kg/d) for 50 days. Each feeding group was divided into two exercise groups: resistive exercise group (REG) and no exercise group (NEG). The resistive exercise consisted of three sets of 5 min climbing of stairs with 1 min intervals daily. At 0, 15, 25, 35, and 50 days of feeding, rats were anesthetized and their cross-sectional body images were obtained using a transverse spiral CT scanner. Muscle groups were identified based on anatomical features. The areas of these muscle groups in the obtained images were determined using the CT software. The blood levels of growth hormone, insulin, and testosterone were determined using assay kits. Results were analyzed statistically using SPSS software.
The results showed that the cross-sectional area of the trunk, back muscle group, and left upper limb muscle roots of the REG rats fed the moderate dose CNPP for 50 days increased significantly (P<0.05). The cross-sectional area of the trunk and lumbar muscle group of the REG rats fed the high dose CNPP for 50 days also increased significantly (P<0.05). Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of the trunk, beta scapular muscles, and left upper limb muscle roots of the NEG rats fed the moderate dose CNPP for 50 days increased significantly (P<0.05). In both CNPP-fed REG and NEG groups, the blood levels of growth hormone, insulin, and testosterone increased significantly after feeding for 50 days compared to those on day 0 (P<0.05).
Our studies have demonstrated that the leucine-rich CNPP stimulates the synthesis of certain rat muscles, and increases the blood levels of insulin, growth hormone, and testosterone.
Keywords: Casein non-phosphopeptide; Sarcopenia; CT scanning